Appendix A:

Hewlett Packard 54603B Oscilloscope

The following comments refer to the lettered items on Fig. A-1.

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The Screen and Menu Buttons

Menus

This scope has many functions that are driven by a menu system on the screen. The user can push a button on the panel that brings up a number of menu options along the bottom of the screen. The six buttons along the bottom of the screen are used to select your choice among the menu options. Often the options are given in a toggle mode, that is pressing the menu button simply changes the setting from the present option to the next option.

Indicators

The screen also provides indicators of vertical and horizontal scale as well as triggering and storage modes.

Calibrator Loop

This is an output that produces an approximately 1.2 kHz square wave with a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of 5 V.

Ground Connection

Provides a connection to the scope Ground (GND).

Line Button

This is the power on/off button for the scope.

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The Measure Section

V

The Voltage button brings up menus for measuring RMS, Peak-to-Peak, and Average values, etc. of a waveform.

T

The Time button brings up menus for measuring Time Delay and frequency values, etc. of a waveform.

C

The Cursors button puts cursors on the screen that can be moved with the knob in this section to measure particular points on a waveform.

T

The Trace button.

S

The Setup button.

A

The Auto-Scale button automatically "finds" the trace for you and scales it for easy viewing on the screen. This button can be quite helpful in getting started with a set-up.

D

The Display button.

P/U

The Print/Utility button.

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The Storage Section

R

The Run button sets the storage mode up to save a waveform when it is triggered.

S

The Stop button stops the scope from recording more traces on the screen. It freezes the display.

A

The Auto-Store button sets the storage mode up to save a waveform when it is triggered.

E

The Erase button erases the display.

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The Vertical Section

1

The Channel 1 (CH1) button brings up menu options for CH1, including coupling and inverting options. In "XY" trigger mode, CH1 = X = horizontal variable.

2

The Channel 2 (CH2) button brings up menu options for CH2, including coupling and inverting options. In "XY" trigger mode, CH2 = Y = vertical variable.

+ -

The Channel Math button brings up menu options for displaying sums and differences, etc. of CH1 and CH2.

Volts/div

The Vertical Scale Knobs adjust the Volts/division on each channel's display ranging from 2 mV to 5 V.

Position

The Vertical Position Knobs adjust the level of GND (0 Volts) for each channel's display.

Channel Input Connections

This is where you connect the scope to your circuit for making measurements.

Note the Maximum Voltage Rating for these inputs is 400V !

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The Horizontal Section

Delay <-->

The Horizontal Position Knob adjusts the starting point on the screen for both channels' display.

M/D

The Main/Delayed button allows you to select the amount of delay on the horizontal display (both channels).

Time/div

The Horizontal Scale Knob adjusts the Time/division for both channels' display ranging from 5 ns to 5 s.

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The Trigger Section

S

The Source button brings up a menu for the selection of the source for the trigger (usually one of the channels or the external trigger).

M

The Mode button brings up a menu for the selection of the trigger mode. Some options include single sweep and XY modes.

S/C

The Slope/Coupling button brings up a menu for the selection of triggering on the up-slope or down-slope of a waveform. It also brings up options for the trigger signal coupling.

Level

The Level Knob allows the user to adjust the signal magnitude above which the scope triggers (trigger sensitivity).

Holdoff

The Holdoff Knob.

External Trigger Input Connection

This is where you connect the scope to your circuit when you want to trigger using a signal other than one of the channel inputs.

Note the Maximum Voltage Rating for this input is 400V !

Appendix B:

Powermate DC Power Supply

This dc power supply has three banana jack terminals on the front panel which are of interest to us. (Older models will have two additional SENSE terminals which are not used in this laboratory). The three terminals are PLUS, MINUS, and GROUND. The GROUND terminal is connected to the case of the power supply and to the ground or neutral of the 120 VAC supply through the electrical cord. It is not connected to either PLUS or MINUS. This can be done externally if it is desired to have a voltage positive or negative with respect to ground. So remember, PLUS and MINUS must both be connected to your circuit. GROUND does not have to be connected. If GROUND is connected, it can usually be connected to any one point in an isolated circuit.

This power supply will act as either a voltage source or a current source. It is not an "ideal" source in that voltage is limited to about 40 V and current to about 3 A. To operate as a voltage source, simply turn the CURRENT knob up (clockwise) all the way, and adjust the VOLTAGE knob for the desired value. To operate as a current source, turn the VOLTAGE knob up all the way and adjust the CURRENT knob for the desired value.

This power supply will also act as an amplifier, through the use of connections on the back panel. We will not use this feature in this laboratory, but it may be useful in a student project. A semiconductor circuit capable of supplying 10 V and 0.1 A can be connected to the dc power supply and cause it to put out 10 V at a current up to its rating of 3 A.

Appendix C:

General Electric Transformer

This six winding transformer is used for isolation, for changing voltage levels, and for getting low level voltages for signal purposes. The windings marked with H1 through H8 are considered ''input'' windings, while the remaining windings are considered ''output''windings, although in practice any winding may be input and any winding may be output. If a 120 to 120 V isolation transformer is needed, H1-H4 can be connected to the laboratory 120 V supply, and X1-X3 or X4-X6 used as output, or X1-X3 can be input and H1-H4 output.

Whenever the nominal voltage is connected to a pair of terminals, e.g. 120 V to H1-H4, all of the other terminals will have voltages approximately as labeled on the figure. That is, there will be approximately 60 V between H5 and H6, 6 V between Y1 and Y2, etc. These are nominal voltage values, and will vary with the applied voltage, the transformer construction, and the amount of power being transferred through the transformer. If exactly 120 V is applied to H1-H4, the other voltages will probably be within one or two percent of the indicated values, but should be measured regardless.

The indicated voltages should not be exceeded, but lower voltages pose no problem. That is, 60 V across H1-H4 is fine, yielding half voltages in every other winding, but 240 V across H1-H4 will burn up the transformer.

Voltages greater than 120 V can be obtained by connecting windings in series. H4 can be connected to H5, and 240 V can be safely applied to H1-H8. Be sure to observe the dots (polarity markings) while doing this. To connect windings in series, we want dotted and undotted terminals connected together, while to connect windings in parallel, we need to connect the dotted terminal to the other dotted terminal, and similarly for the undotted terminals. The dots indicate that the voltage of terminal H5 with respect H8 will be in phase, for example, with the voltage of H1 with respect to H4. Connecting H1 to H5, and H4 to H8, will place these two windings in parallel. We could also connect X1-X3 in parallel with X4-X6, use one pair of windings as input and the other pair as output, and have an isolation transformer with double the current rating of an individual winding.

Appendix D:

Faraday Lab Rotating Machines

1. Three-phase, wye connected, wound rotor induction motor: rated 1/6 hp, 120 volts, 60 Hz, 1800 rpm. All six stator leads are brought out and an information winding is wound with one stator phase. This machine may be used either as a wound rotor induction motor or as a synchronous machine by connecting dc to the rotor windings. The 120 volts refers to line-to-line voltage, hence the machine must be used with a three-phase variable autotransformer to reduce the voltage from the 208 volts line-to-line that is available on the bench. These machines are marked A-x, where x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 according to the number of the bench. The wiring diagram and the physical layout of the terminal board are shown in Fig. 2a.

2. DC Motor or Generator: rated 1/6 hp, 115 volts, 3450 rpm. This machine has both shunt and series field windings with an information winding wound on one field pole. The series field is not very effective and is usually not used. Marked B-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2c.

3. Dayton DC Machine: rated 1/2 hp, 90 volts, 5.5 amps, 1725 rpm. This is a permanent magnet machine so no field is necessary. Only two terminals to make connection to the armature winding are available. This machine is normally used as a motor by supplying dc with a single-phase variable autotransformer and a full wave rectifier. Physically, it is black and is one of the larger machines on the bench. It does not have a letter marking.

4. Single-phase, split-phase induction motor: rated 1/4 hp, 115 volts, 3450 rpm, 60 Hz. This machine has a squirrel cage rotor and an information winding wound with each of the quadrature stator windings.

   In normal operation, the 120 VAC lead is connected to the relay which is connected to the top center banana jack. The ground return is then connected to the bottom of both the MAIN and START windings. No connection need be made to the top of the MAIN and START windings. In fact, connecting the 120 VAC line to the top of the START winding will cause the START winding to be in the circuit all the time and overheat the motor. Marked C-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2d.

5. Two-phase alternator or synchronous motor: Both rotor and stator windings are rated at 120 volts, 60 Hz. The stator has two windings in electrical quadrature with four leads brought out. There are two information windings, one wound with each of the quadrature phases. It has a wound rotor with two salient poles, and will run as a single-phase reluctance synchronous motor if the rotor is brought up to near synchronous speed. The nameplate reads Selsyn motor. This machine is normally stored in the equipment room adjacent to the circuits and machines lab. Marked D-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2b.

6. Single-phase capacitor start induction motor: rated 1/12 hp, 115 volts, 3450 rpm, 60 Hz. The two quadrature stator windings are identical. An information coil is on the main winding axis. Marked E-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2e.

7. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor: rated 1/12 hp, 115 volts, 1725 rpm, 60 Hz. An information winding is wound around one phase. Should be used only with a three-phase variable autotransformer. Marked F-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2f.

8. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor: rated 1/4 hp, 115 volts, 1725 rpm, 60 Hz. Identical to machine 7 except for rating. Should be used only with three-phase variable autotransformer. Marked G-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2g.

9. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor: rated 1/12 hp, 115 volts, 3450 rpm, 60 Hz. Has two information windings 90 electrical degrees apart. Should be used only with a three-phase variable autotransformer. Marked H-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2h.

10. Single-phase, split phase induction motor: Identical to machine 5 except rated at 1/12 hp. Marked I-x. The terminal board layout is shown in Fig. 2d.

11. Electrodynamometer: with torque rating of 0-27 pound-inch and speed rating of 0-5000 rpm. Requires a 120 V AC, 60 Hz supply. Torque is varied by a small variable autotransformer mounted on the machine. This will be the mechanical load for most of the experiments involving motors. Because of its size, it can only be mounted on one side slot of the base plate. Marked J-x.

12. Synchronous Machine: rated 1/4 hp, 208 volts, 0.8 amps, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz as a motor, and 120 VA, 208 volts, 0.33 amps, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz as a generator. Both ends of all three stator windings are brought out so the machine could be connected in delta if desired, although the normal connection is in wye. DC is supplied to the field winding through two slip rings. This machine is not marked.

Appendix E:

Color Code For Resistors

....... 0 .......... Black ........... 1
....... 1 .......... Brown ........... 10
....... 2 .......... Red ............. 100
....... 3 .......... Orange .......... 1000
....... 4 .......... Yellow .......... 10,000
....... 5 .......... Green ........... 100,000
....... 6 .......... Blue ............ 1,000,000
....... 7 .......... Violet
....... 8 .......... Gray
....... 9 .......... White

Examples:

Brown-Black-Red (10)(100) = 1 k Ohms

Blue-Gray-Black (68)(1) = 68 Ohms

Orange-Orange-Green (33)(100,000) = 3.3 M Ohms

A fourth band with a gold color indicates the resistor tolerance is ± 5 percent. This would be the most common tolerance for modern resistors. A silver color would indicate ± 10 percent tolerance.

To provide the necessary variation in resistance while holding the number of different resistors to a minimum, the electronics industry has standardized on certain preferred values. The range in significant figures from 1.0 to 10 has been divided into 24 steps, each differing from the next by approximately 10 percent. The preferred values, available in all multiples in ± 5 percent tolerance resistors are:

1.0 ... 1.1 ... 1.2 ... 1.3 ... 1.5 ... 1.6 ... 1.8 ... 2.0 ... 2.2 ... 2.4 ... 2.7 ... 3.0

3.3 ... 3.6 ... 3.9 ... 4.3 ... 4.7 ... 5.1 ... 5.6 ... 6.2 ... 6.8 ... 7.5 ... 8.2 ... 9.1